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It also reinforced its civil preparedness capabilities through practical cooperation with NATO and actively supported the NATO-led operation in Afghanistan. The results in the paper must have the potential to add to the state of the art or practice in significant ways. When they were partners, Albania and Croatia worked with NATO in a wide range of areas, with particular emphasis on defence and security sector reform, as well as support for wider democratic and institutional reform. The Federal Republic of Germany officially joined the Western Union on 23 October 1954 and its status as an occupied country came to an end when the Bonn-Paris conventions came into effect on 5 May 1955.

The Federal Republic of Germany – or West Germany – was created in 1949 and although the new state was anchored to the west, its potential was feared. Shortly after regaining its independence in June 2006, Montenegro joined the Partnership for Peace in December of the same year and the Membership Action Plan three years later. Before becoming a member of the Alliance, North Macedonia cooperated with NATO in key areas such as democratic, institutional, security sector and defence reforms. Finland deposited its Instrument of Accession to the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 2023, becoming NATO's 31st member country.The Spanish Parliament endorsed the country's participation in the integrated military command structure in 1996, a decision that coincided with the nomination of Dr Javier Solana as NATO's first Spanish Secretary General (1995-1999). These features are still under development; they are not fully tested, and might reduce EUR-Lex stability. Raising the level of abstraction in software specification has been a fundamental goal of the computing community for several decades. Please note: the estimates in the calculator from 1949 onwards have been updated with revised CPI estimates from the ONS published in May 2022. Spain fully participated in the political structures of the Organization, but refrained from participating in the integrated military structure – a position it reaffirmed in a referendum held in 1986.

Since 1951, Iceland has also benefitted from a long-standing bilateral defence agreement with the United States. This was the result of several years of deliberations among western leaders and Germany, whose population opposed any form of rearmament. Following the tradition, the GPCE 2023 program committee will select the best paper among accepted papers. In 1995, the Alliance carried out and published the results of a Study on NATO Enlargement that considered the merits of admitting new members and how they should be brought in. This reflected the desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the United States, and the refusal to integrate France's nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces.

Any decision to invite a country to join the Alliance is taken by the North Atlantic Council, NATO's principal political decision-making body, on the basis of consensus among all Allies.