Adult brown bears are powerful, top-of-the-food chain predators, but much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves, and roots. Bears also eat other animals, from rodents to moose. Dahle, B.; Sørensen, O. J.; Wedul, E. H.; Swenson, J. E.; Sandegren, F. (1998). "The diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in central Scandinavia: effect of access to free-ranging domestic sheep Ovis aries". Wildlife Biology. 4 (3): 147–158. doi: 10.2981/wlb.1998.017. S2CID 90983953. Kaczensky, P.; Blazic, M.; Gossow, H. (2004). "Public attitudes towards brown bears ( Ursus arctos) in Slovenia". Biological Conservation. 118 (5): 661. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.015. Kurtén, B. (1964). "The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps)". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 108: 1–26. Two general types of brown bear are recognized, the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly. Mostly herbivorous grizzlies can weigh as little as 350 lbs, while a brown bear living on a diet of spawning salmon may reach 1500 lbs. 6. Why are some brown bears called grizzlies?

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Woodroffe, R. (2000). "Predators and people: Using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 3 (2): 165. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00241.x. S2CID 84430290. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Swenson, Jon E.; Adamič, Miha; Huber, Djuro; Stokke, Sigbjørn (2007). "Brown bear body mass and growth in northern and southern Europe" (PDF). Oecologia. 153 (#1): 37–47. Bibcode: 2007Oecol.153...37S. doi: 10.1007/s00442-007-0715-1. PMID 17415593. S2CID 5836340. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Halloran, D. W.; Pearson, A. M. (1972). "Blood chemistry of the brown bear ( Ursus arctos) from southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 50 (#6): 827–833. doi: 10.1139/z72-112. PMID 5038730. Gunther, K. A.; Haroldson, M. A.; Frey, K.; Cain, S. L.; Copeland, J.; Schwartz, C. C. (2004). "Grizzly bear-human conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, 1992–2000" (PDF). Ursus. 15 (#1): 10–22. doi: 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0010:gbcitg>2.0.co;2. S2CID 86821625. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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Dough O'Hara Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope. Anchorage Daily News. 24 April 2005 Ambarlı, H. (2016). "Litter size and basic diet of brown bears ( Ursus arctos, Carnivora) in northeastern Turkey". Mammalia. 80 (2). doi: 10.1515/mammalia-2014-0111. S2CID 87968464. Richardson, Evan; Branigan, Marsha; Paetkau, David; Pongracz, Jodie D. (31 May 2017). "Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic". Arctic. 70 (#2): 151–160. doi: 10.14430/arctic4643. ISSN 1923-1245. Sow a seed’ is one of the world’s largest rainforest projects, and has given involved researchers valuable knowledge which will be useful for other rainforests which have burned down or been felled", explains Martin. The coat of arms of Madrid depicts a bear reaching up into a madroño or strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo) to eat some of its fruit, whereas the Swiss city of Bern's coat of arms also depicts a bear and the city's name is popularly thought to derive from the German word for bear. The brown bear is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 5 kuna coin, minted since 1993.

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Shapiro, Beth; Slatkin, Montgomery; Stirling, Ian; John, John St.; Salamzade, Rauf; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Jay, Flora; Stiller, Mathias; Fulton, Tara L. (14 March 2013). "Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution". PLOS Genetics. 9 (3): e1003345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3597504. PMID 23516372. Parker, S. P. (1990). Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals. McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-909508-9 (set). a b Christiansen, P. (2007). "Evolutionary implications of bite mechanics and feeding ecology in bears". Journal of Zoology. 272 (#4): 423. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00286.x. Brown bears dig dens for winter hibernation, often holing up in a suitable hillside. Females, or she-bears, den while pregnant and give birth during this winter rest, usually to a pair of cubs. Brown bear cubs nurse on their mother's milk until spring and stay with her for some two and a half years—so females only reproduce once every three years. The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any ursid in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old. [73] [165] The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. [166] The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old. [166] The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age. [13] [55]

4. How long do brown bears hibernate?

a b c d e f McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D.; Michel, S. (2017). " Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41688A121229971. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021. a b c d e f Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Moll, K.; Moll, J., eds. (1999), Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF), vol.44, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 , retrieved 18 November 2019 White, Paul. "Brown Bear". Transylvania Wildlife Project. Archived from the original on 19 May 2013.

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We have been a leading ecotourism and adventure travel provider since 1985. Led by world-class naturalist guides, our eco-conscious expeditions take you to the world's most remarkable nature locales. a b Jones, S. V. (1923). "Color variations in wild animals". Journal of Mammalogy. 4 (#3): 172–177. doi: 10.2307/1373567. JSTOR 1373567. Ellig, Tracy (3 July 2006). "MSU researcher tests grizzly bear strength for National Geographic documentary". Montana State University. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2021. Pop, Ioan Mihai; Bereczky, Leonardo; Chiriac, Silviu; Iosif, Ruben; Nita, Andreea; Popescu, Viorel Dan; Rozylowicz, Laurențiu (2018). "Movement ecology of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians". Nature Conservation. 26: 15–31. doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.26.22955. ISSN 1314-3301.Moe, T. F.; Kindberg, J.; Jansson, I.; Swenson, J. E. (2007). "Importance of diel behaviour when studying habitat selection: examples from female Scandinavian brown bears ( Ursus arctos)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 85 (#4): 518−525. doi: 10.1139/Z07-034.

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a b Servheen, C.; Darling, L. M.; Archibald, W. R. (1990), The status and conservation of the bears of the world, International Association for Bear Research and Management Drag the correct type of word into box to scopre a point. The words are randomly selected from a list of 90 words. Wild animals provide a sense of freedom, in particular for children living in urban environments", says child psychologist Barbie Clarke, who has extensively researched about children and their development. Stringham, S. F. (1990). "Grizzly bear reproductive rate relative to body size" (PDF). Bears: Their Biology and Management. 8: 433–443. doi: 10.2307/3872948. JSTOR 3872948. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. The Russian bear is a common national personification for Russia (as well as the former Soviet Union), despite the country having no officially-designated national animal. The brown bear is Finland's national animal. [218]

Level 15: Final Practice

There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies, as no one method is always effective. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies. [28] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names. Generally, genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are (or their genetic distance). There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, so this can become confusing. Hall (1981) lists 86 different types, and even as many as 90 have been proposed. [29] [30] However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears, [31] [32] while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears. [33] As of 2005 [update], 15 extant or recently extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community. [34] [35] Pazetnov, V.A. & Pazetnov, S.V. (2005). "Female brown bear with six cubs" (PDF). International Bear News. 14 (#2): 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. a b Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-691-09160-0.